Rutin
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Basic information
Product Name: Rutin
IUPAC Name：2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyl-2-tetrahydropyranyl]oxy]-2-tetrahydropyranyl]oxy]-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
CAS No.: 153-18-4
Molecular Formula: C₂₇H₃₀O₁₆
Appearance: Pale yellow to yellow-green powder
Solubility:
Slightly soluble in water (approx. 0.125 mg/mL, room temperature)
Sparingly soluble in hot water, ethanol, methanol
Practically insoluble in non-polar solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform
Freely soluble in alkaline aqueous solutions (forms salts)
Quality Standard: CP2020,JP,Customer Made
Specification
|
Test Items |
Standard |
|
Rutin (CAS: 153-18-4) |
NF11 |
|
Loss on drying |
≤9.0% |
|
Sulphated ash |
≤0.5% |
Aglycone (Quercetin)
This is the primary part responsible for the core pharmacological actions like antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The phenolic hydroxyl groups in its structure, particularly the "catechol" structure on the B-ring (3',4'-dihydroxy), are powerful free radical scavengers and metal ion chelators.
Sugar Group (Rutinose)
2.Attached to the C-3 position of quercetin, it significantly influences Rutin's water solubility and its absorption and metabolism in the body.
Pharmacological Actions and Mechanisms
Rutin exhibits multi-target pharmacological activities. Its main mechanisms of action are:
1. Potent Antioxidant Action
●Direct Free Radical Scavenging: Effectively scavenges superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, etc.
●Metal Ion Chelation: Chelates Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, preventing them from catalyzing oxidation reactions.
●Upregulation of Endogenous Antioxidant Systems: Activates the Nrf2 pathway, promoting the expression of enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).
2. Anti-inflammatory Action
●Inhibition of Inflammatory Factors: Downregulates key pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β.
●Modulation of Signaling Pathways: Inhibits the activation of core inflammatory pathways like NF-κB and MAPK.
3. Vascular Protective Action (Origin of "Vitamin P")
●Reduces Capillary Fragility and Permeability: This is its classic effect, enhancing capillary resistance and preventing hemorrhage.
●Anti-atherosclerotic Effects: Achieved through multiple pathways including protecting vascular endothelium, inhibiting LDL oxidation, and anti-inflammatory actions.
●Inhibition of Platelet Aggregation: Helps prevent thrombus formation.
4. Other Important Activities
●Anticancer Potential: Shows ability to induce apoptosis, inhibit proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells in vitro and in animal models, but requires clinical validation.
●Neuroprotection: Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties show beneficial effects in models of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
●Anti-diabetic Effects: May aid in blood glucose regulation by improving insulin resistance and protecting pancreatic β-cells.
Pharmacokinetics&Application Fields
1. Pharmacokinetics
The process of Rutin in the body has unique characteristics:
● Absorption: Oral absorption of the intact Rutin molecule is poor. It primarily relies on colonic microflora to hydrolyze it into quercetin and rutinose; quercetin is then absorbed.
● Metabolism and Distribution: Absorbed quercetin undergoes extensive Phase II metabolism (e.g., glucuronidation, sulfation) in the liver and intestinal wall.
● Challenge and Strategy: Low bioavailability is its main limitation. Current research focuses on using new technologies like nano-formulations, phospholipid complexes, and cyclodextrin inclusion to enhance its bioavailability.
2. Application Fields
|
Application Field |
Specific Uses |
Mechanism of Action |
|
Pharmaceuticals & Nutraceuticals |
Prevention and treatment of hypertension, cerebral hemorrhage, retinal hemorrhage, and other capillary-related diseases; often used synergistically with Vitamin C. |
Strengthens blood vessel elasticity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory. |
|
Cosmetics |
Anti-aging serums, sunscreens, soothing skincare products. |
Scavenges free radicals, reduces UV damage, anti-inflammatory. |
|
Food Industry |
Natural antioxidant (for preserving oils and fats), natural colorant (yellow in alkaline conditions). |
Prevents oxidative rancidity in food. |
1.Dosage Range:
●Health maintenance: 100-300 mg/day
●Therapeutic use: 500-1000 mg/day (under medical supervision)
2.Precautions:
●Use with caution when combined with anticoagulants
●Recommended to take after meals to reduce gastrointestinal discomfort
Safety Profile
1. Adverse Reactions
●Safety Level: Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)
●Toxicity data: LD₅₀ > 5000 mg/kg (rat, practically non-toxic)
●Side effects: No significant adverse reactions at standard doses
Market and Prospects
1.Market Size:
●2023 Global Market Size: Approximately $350 million
●Annual Growth Rate: 8-10%
2.R&D Trends:
●Improving bioavailability (nano-formulations, phospholipid complexes)
●Expanding new clinical applications (neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic diseases)
●Developing green extraction technologies
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