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Ergothioneine
Natural API
Ergothioneine.jpg
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Ergothioneine

Ergothioneine (CAS: 497-30-3) is a rare, naturally occurring sulfur-containing histidine derivative, first isolated from the ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea) and now found abundantly in mushrooms (e.g., porcini), animal liver, and human erythrocytes. Its unique ​mercaptoimidazolone structure​ confers exceptional redox capabilities, making it a potent antioxidant. In 2022, the FDA classified it as GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe), while the EU EFSA approved it as a novel food ingredient (2021/C 456/03).

Product Name: Ergothioneine

IUPAC Name: (2S)-3-(2-Thioxoimidazolidin-4-yl)-2-(trimethylammonio)propanoate

CAS No.​: 497-30-3

Molecular Formula: C₉H₁₅N₃O₂S

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    Ergothioneine

    Basic information

    Product Name: Ergothioneine

    IUPAC Name: (2S)-3-(2-Thioxoimidazolidin-4-yl)-2-(trimethylammonio)propanoate

    CAS No.​: 497-30-3

    Molecular Formula: C₉H₁₅N₃O₂S

    Physicochemical Properties:

    Parameter

    Value/Description

    ​Appearance​

    White crystalline powder

    ​Melting Point​

    295°C (decomposition)

    ​Solubility​

    >500 mg/mL in water (25°C)

    ​logP​

    -4.1 (extremely hydrophilic)

    ​Redox Potential​

    E°'=+0.06 V (vs. NHE)

    ​Stability​

    Stable at pH 2–9; heat-resistant (active at 120°C)

    Quality Standard: CP2020,JP,Customer Made

    Specification

    Test Items

    Standard

    Ergothioneine (CAS: 497-30-3)

    98% by HPLC

    Loss on drying

    ≤2.0%

    Residue on ignition

    ≤0.2%

    Key Features

    index_10-7

    Natural Source

    0.01–0.1% in Aloe vera leaf rind; 0.5–2% in rhubarb rhizomes.
    index_10-7

    Multi-Target Action

    Modulates key pathways including Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB.
    index_10-7

    Photosensitivity

    Generates free radicals under UVA irradiation, enhancing antibacterial/antitumor effects.

    Pharmacological Mechanisms

    1.Molecular Target Network

    Molecular Target Network2

    2. Pharmacokinetics

    Absorption

    OCTN1 transporter-mediated (saturation dose ≈5 mg/kg).

    Distribution

    Erythrocyte concentration reaches 100 μM (t₁/₂>30 days).

    Metabolism

    Not metabolized (exists as parent compound).

    Excretion

    Renal filtration (<1% urinary excretion in 24h).

    Clinical Applications​

    Indications & Protocols​

    ​Condition​

    ​Formulation​

    ​Evidence​

    ​Photoaging​

    0.5% serum qd

    ↓35% wrinkle depth*

    ​Dry Eye Syndrome​

    1% eye drops tid

    ↑2× tear film breakup time

    ​Neurodegeneration​

    500 mg/day (Phase II)

    Improved ADAS-cog

    *Randomized double-blind trial (n=120, 12 weeks)

    Special Populations​

    OCTN1 Gene Defect: Supplementation ineffective (test for rs1050152 SNP).

    Pregnancy: Safe dose ≤3 mg/kg/day (no teratogenicity in animals).

    Dosage and Administration

    Formulations​

    Dietary Supplements: 5–10 mg/capsule (mushroom extract).

    Cosmetic Ingredient: 1–5% aqueous solution (INCI: Ergothioneine).

    Pharmaceutical Grade: 99% purity (for injection).

    Dosing Guidelines

    Use​

    ​Dose​

    ​Duration​

    ​Antioxidant​

    5–30 mg/day

    Long-term

    ​Skin Repair​

    0.1–1% topical

    ≥8 weeks

    ​Disease Adjunct​

    100–500 mg/day

    Clinical trials

    Safety Evaluation

    Adverse Reactions​

    System​

    ​Incidence​

    ​Manifestations​

    ​Gastrointestinal​

    <0.1%

    Transient nausea

    ​Hypersensitivity​

    Rare

    Contact dermatitis

    Contraindications & Interactions​

    Absolute CI:Complete OCTN1 deficiency (rare).

    Cautions:Platinum chemotherapy (may compete for renal excretion).

    Research Progress Green max

    Novel Formulations​

    Liposomal Encapsulation: ↑20× skin penetration.

    Sustained-Release Microspheres: Single injection maintains plasma levels for 7 days.

    New Indications

    Post-COVID Syndrome: ↓40% oxidative stress markers (8-iso-PGF2α).

    Radiation Injury: Protects intestinal stem cells (↑60% survival in animals).

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