Bilirubin
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Basic information
Product Name: Bilirubin
CAS No.: 635-65-4
Molecular Formula: C₃₃H₃₆N₄O₆
Primary Extraction Sources: Bovine Bile
Appearance & Solubility:
Property |
Indirect Bilirubin |
Direct Bilirubin |
Color |
Orange-yellow crystals |
Golden-yellow powder |
Solubility |
Soluble in chloroform/alkali, insoluble in water |
Water/saline soluble |
Quality Standard: CP2020,JP,Customer Made
Specification
Test Items |
Standard |
Bilirubin(CAS: 635-65-4) |
99% |
Physiological Role
Potent endogenous antioxidant (ORAC value 10× higher than vitamin E)
Pathological Risk
Serum levels >340 μmol/L may cause kernicterus
Pharmacopoeial Status
1.Molecular Pathway Regulation
2.Concentration-Dependent Effects
Concentration (μmol/L) |
Biological Effect |
<20 |
Enhances synaptic plasticity (↑30% BDNF) |
20-100 |
Inhibits C5a activation (↓50% MAC complex formation) |
>100 |
Induces hepatocyte apoptosis (↑3× caspase-3 activity) |
Clinical Applications
Pharmacopoeial Preparations
Formulation |
Key Features |
Quality Standard |
Bilirubin Reference Standard |
Purity ≥99.0% (HPLC), stored at -20℃ protected from light |
EP 10.0 Chapter 3.2.1 |
Neonatal Phototherapy Film |
Contains bilirubin isomerase (>95% conversion at 450nm) |
USP-NF <1151> |
Liver Function Test Reagent |
Vanadate oxidation method (CV<3%) |
ChP 2020 General Chapter 1107 |
Therapeutic Protocols
Condition |
Treatment Protocol |
Efficacy Marker |
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia |
Blue light therapy (8-12 μW/cm²/nm) |
Serum bilirubin ↓15%/24h |
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome |
Phenobarbital 5mg/kg/day (induces UGT1A1) |
Bilirubin ↓40-60% |
Post-Liver Transplant Cholestasis |
Plasmapheresis (>80% albumin-bound bilirubin clearance) |
Pruritus score ↓3 (VAS) |
Industrial and Traditional Medicine Applications
1.Artificial or Cultured Bezoar (Calculus Bovis) Production
Bilirubin Content Standards:
Cultured bezoar: Bilirubin content ≥25% (per Chinese Pharmacopoeia).
Artificial bezoar: If bilirubin is added, it typically constitutes 0.1–5% (not mandatory).
Process Note: Light-protected operations required, temperature controlled below 20°C to prevent degradation.
2.Traditional Chinese Medicine (e.g., Angong Niuhuang Wan)
Natural Bezoar Dosage:
Each pill contains ~50–100 mg of natural bezoar (bilirubin content estimated at 10–50%).
Alternative: Artificial bezoar may be used in similar amounts, but bilirubin content may be minimal.
Medical Use
Neonatal phototherapy requires eye and genital protection, with monitoring for dehydration and temperature fluctuations.
Exchange transfusion must be performed under strict aseptic conditions to prevent electrolyte imbalances.
Laboratory Use
Bilirubin solutions should be prepared fresh and stored in the dark (long-term storage at -20°C).
Contraindications
Research Progress Green max
1.Novel Detection Technologies
● Nano-Fluorescent Sensors:
CdSe quantum dots (LOD=0.1 μmol/L)
Wearable real-time neonatal bilirubin monitors
● Raman Spectroscopy:
Characteristic peak at 1580cm⁻¹ (porphyrin ring vibration)
Results in 3s (r=0.98 vs traditional assays)
2.Therapeutic Breakthroughs
● Gene Editing:
CRISPR-Cas9 repair of UGT1A1 * 28 mutation (Phase I trials)
AAV9 vector delivery (70% bilirubin reduction in mice)
● Nanodetoxifiers:
PEGylated magnetic nanoparticles (85% clearance in 2h)
Patent WO2023/156688 (targets free bilirubin)
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