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Apigenin
Natural API
Apigenin.jpg
Chamomile.jpg

Apigenin

Apigenin (CAS: 520-36-5) is a naturally occurring flavonoid widely distributed in plants such as celery, chamomile, and parsley. As a representative member of flavonoids, apigenin has garnered significant attention for its notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and neuroprotective properties. Its simple structure yet diverse bioactivities make it a key focus in natural medicine and functional food research.

Product Name: Apigenin

IUPAC Name: 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one

CAS No.​: 520-36-5

Molecular Formula: C₁₅H₁₀O₅

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    Apigenin

    Basic information

    Product Name: Apigenin

    IUPAC Name: 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one

    CAS No.​: 520-36-5

    Molecular Formula: C₁₅H₁₀O₅

    Physicochemical Properties:

    Parameter

    Value/Description

    ​Appearance​

    Yellow crystalline powder

    ​Melting Point​

    347-350°C (decomposition)

    ​Solubility​

    Very low in water (<0.001 mg/mL), soluble in DMSO/hot ethanol

    ​logP​

    2.5 (moderate lipophilicity)

    ​pKa​

    6.6 (7-OH), 9.3 (4'-OH)

    Quality Standard: CP2020,JP,Customer Made

    Specification

    Test Items

    Standard

    Apigenin (CAS: 520-36-5)

    98% by HPLC

    Loss on drying

    ≤5.0%

    Residue on ignition

    ≤0.5%

    Key Features

    index_10-7

    Abundant Natural Source

    Celery (highest in leaves), chamomile tea, citrus fruits.
    index_10-7

    Multi-Target Action

    Modulates multiple signaling pathways (e.g., NF-κB, PI3K/Akt).
    index_10-7

    High Safety Profile

    Long history of dietary use with no significant toxicity.

    Pharmacological Mechanisms

    1. Molecular Target Network

    Pharmacological Mechanisms4

    2.Pharmacokinetics

    Absorption

    Low oral bioavailability (<5%), metabolized by gut microbiota to active derivatives.

    Distribution

     Widely distributed in liver, lungs, brain (BBB penetration ~3%).

    Metabolism

    Hepatic glucuronidation (UGT1A1/1A9), hydroxylation (CYP1A2).

    Excretion

    Primarily biliary (80%), urinary excretion <5%.

    Clinical Applications​

    ​Indication​

    ​Mechanism​

    ​Clinical Stage​

    ​Adjuvant Breast Cancer Therapy​

    ERβ agonism + CDK4/6 inhibition

    Phase II Trials

    ​Anxiety Disorders​

    GABAₐ receptor modulation

    Preclinical

    ​Diabetic Complications​

    AGEs formation inhibition

    Phase I Trials

    Dosage and Administration

    index_10-7

    Antitumor

    500-1000 mg/day (requires nanoformulations for efficacy).
    index_10-7

    Neuroprotection

    200-400 mg/day.
    index_10-7

    ​Dietary Supplement

    50-100 mg/day.

    Safety Evaluation

      Adverse Effects​

    ​System​

    ​Incidence​

    ​Manifestations​

    Gastrointestinal

    5%

    Mild nausea

    Elevated Liver Enzymes

    <1%

    Reversible ALT↑

    Hypersensitivity

    Rare

    Skin erythema

    Drug Interactions​

    CYP1A2 Substrates​ (e.g., caffeine): Metabolism slowed (AUC↑40%).

    Warfarin: May enhance anticoagulation (mechanism unclear).

    Research Progress Green max

     Novel Formulations​

    Phospholipid Complexes: Bioavailability increased to 25%.

    Gold Nanoparticle Carriers: 10× higher tumor targeting (preclinical).

    ​New Indications​

    Alzheimer’s Disease: Reduces Tau phosphorylation (animal models).

    COVID-19: Inhibits 3CL protease (IC₅₀=45 μM).

    Chamomile

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