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Aloe emodin
Natural API
Aloe emodin.jpg
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Aloe emodin

Aloe emodin (CAS: 481-72-1) is a natural anthraquinone compound widely found in medicinal plants such as Aloe vera and Rheum palmatum (rhubarb). As a key active ingredient, it exhibits significant ​antitumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory​ properties. In 2021, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) listed it in its traditional herbal medicine registry, and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition) adopted it as a quality control marker.

Product Name: Aloe emodin

IUPAC Name: 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)anthracene-9,10-dione

CAS No.​: 481-72-1

Molecular Formula: C15H10O5

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    Aloe emodin

    Basic information

    Product Name: Aloe emodin

    IUPAC Name: 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)anthracene-9,10-dione

    CAS No.​: 481-72-1

    Molecular Formula: C15H10O5

    Physicochemical Properties:

    Parameter

    Value/Description

    ​Appearance​

    Yellow powder

    ​Melting Point​

    223–225°C

    ​Solubility​

    0.03 mg/mL in water; soluble in ethanol/acetone

    ​logP​

    2.8 (moderate lipophilicity)

    ​UV Spectrum​

    λmax=430 nm (ε=12,500); red in alkali

    ​Stability​

    Light-sensitive; degrades with strong oxidizers

    Quality Standard: CP2020,JP,Customer Made

    Specification

    Test Items

    Standard

    Aloe emodin (CAS: 481-72-1)

    98% by HPLC

    Loss on drying

    ≤3.0%

    Residue on ignition

    ≤1.0%

    Key Features

    index_10-7

    Natural Source

    0.01–0.1% in Aloe vera leaf rind; 0.5–2% in rhubarb rhizomes.
    index_10-7

    Multi-Target Action

    Modulates key pathways including Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB.
    index_10-7

    Photosensitivity

    Generates free radicals under UVA irradiation, enhancing antibacterial/antitumor effects.

    Pharmacological Mechanisms

    1.Molecular Target Network

    Cell Cycle Arrest

    Inhibit CDK4/cyclin D1 (G1 Phase Arrest)

    Inhibit Topoisomerase II (DNA Damage)

    Apoptosis Induction

    Activate caspase - 3/9

    Down - regulate Bcl - 2/Bax Ratio

    Immunomodulation

    Inhibit NF - κB Nuclear Translocation

    2. Pharmacokinetics

    Absorption

    12% oral bioavailability (activated by gut microbiota).

    Distribution

    High in liver/kidneys; poor BBB penetration (<1%).

    Metabolism

    Hepatic UGT1A1-mediated glucuronidation (inactivation).

    Excretion

    Primarily fecal (85% clearance in 48h).

    Clinical Applications​

    Indications & Protocols​

    ​Condition​

    ​Formulation​

    ​Evidence​

    ​Constipation​

    20–50 mg/day oral

    ↑2× bowel movement frequency*

    ​Skin Infections​

    1% ointment bid

    70% MRSA clearance

    ​Adjuvant Cancer Therapy​

    100 mg/day (Phase II)

    ↑2mo PFS

    *Meta-analysis (8 RCTs, n=1200)

    Special Populations​

    Pregnancy: Contraindicated (potential uterotonic effect).

    Hepatic Impairment: Reduce dose 50% (Child-Pugh B).

    Dosage and Administration

    Formulations​

    Tablets: 50 mg/tablet (enteric-coated).

    Ointment: 1% w/w (petrolatum base).

    Injection: 10 mg/mL (research use).

    Dosing Guidelines

    Use​

    ​Dose​

    ​Duration​

    ​Constipation​

    25 mg qd-bid

    Short-term (≤1 week)

    ​Skin Infections​

    Topical bid

    Until symptom resolution

    ​Cancer Therapy​

    50–100 mg/day

    Combined with chemotherapy

    Safety Evaluation

    Adverse Reactions​

    System​

    ​Incidence​

    ​Manifestations​

    ​Gastrointestinal​

    15%

    Abdominal pain, diarrhea

    ​Dermatologic​

    3%

    Photosensitive dermatitis

    ​Hepatorenal​

    <1%

    Reversible ALT elevation

    Contraindications & Interactions​

    Absolute CI:
    Intestinal obstruction/unknown abdominal pain.
    Porphyria (photosensitivity risk).

    Cautions:Diuretics (synergistic potassium loss).

    Research Progress Green max

    1.Novel Formulations​

    Nanoemulsions: ↑Oral bioavailability to 35%.

    Photodynamic Therapy: 10× enhanced antitumor effects under UVA.

    2.New Indications

    COVID-19: Inhibits 3CL protease (IC₅₀=25 μM).

    Psoriasis: Modulates IL-23/Th17 axis (↓60% lesions in animals).

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